2017考研初試英語一閱讀理解真題解析

　　Text 1

　　First two hours, now three hours — this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.

　　Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.

　　Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons — both fake and real — past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become — but the lines are obvious.

　　Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.

　　There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

　　It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

　　The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.

　　21. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 is mentioned to

　　[A] explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.

　　[B] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.

　　[C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports.

　　[D] emphasize the importance of privacy protection.

　　22. Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?

　　[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.

　　[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.

　　[C] An increase in the number of travellers.

　　[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.

　　23. The word “expedited” (Liner 4, Para. 5) is closet in meaning to

　　[A] quieter.

　　[B] cheaper.

　　[C] wider.

　　[D] faster.

　　24. One problem with the PreCheck program is

　　[A] a dramatic reduction of its scale.

　　[B] its wrongly-directed implementation.

　　[C] the government’s reluctance to back it.

　　[D] an unreasonable price for enrollment.

　　25. Which of the following would be the best for the text?

　　[A] Less Screening for More Safety

　　[B] PreCheck – a Belated Solution

　　[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines

　　[D] Underused PreCheck Lanes

　　答案：21-25 ACDDC

　　21. 答案【A】explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.

　　解析：本題目為例證題，考察論點與論據(jù)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804定位到第二段第二句。例證題中的例子為論據(jù)，所要找的答案為論點，而論點在論據(jù)之前，因此該題目的答案是第二段的第一句話。二段首句說的是美國人愿意忍受長時間的安全檢查。正確答案A的American’s tolerance是原文Americans are willing to tolerate的原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，current security checks是原文的time-consuming security 的同義轉(zhuǎn)化。干擾項B的urgency to strengthen security worldwide，原文未提及worldwide，屬于擴大范圍;選項C的major U.S. major airports屬于具體信息的干擾;選項D的privacy 隱私并未提及，是常識性干擾。

　　22. 答案【C】An increase in the number of travelers.

　　解析：本題目為原因細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的long waits at major airports定位到原文第三段的第二句，原文的resulted in 與題干中的contributed to是同義轉(zhuǎn)化，所以定位內(nèi)容就是提升的安全措施以及航空旅游的增加。正確答案C的an increase in the number of travelers 是原文a rise in airline travel的同義替換。干擾項A的carry-on bags是在第四段的最后一句出現(xiàn)的，非定位句內(nèi)容;選項B的TSA efficiency也出現(xiàn)在第四段;選項D的unexpected secret checks未提及。

　　23. 答案【D】faster.

　　解析：本題目為詞義句意題，考察上下文邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)題干，定位到第5段第3句，“Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes”，結(jié)合下一句中的這樣會saving time for everyone involved，即可以節(jié)省時間的安檢，與選項對應(yīng)就是答案D faster更快。干擾項A更安靜，選項B更便宜，選項C更廣泛，都無關(guān)，屬于常識性干擾。

　　24. 答案【D】an unreasonable price for enrollment.

　　解析：本題目為具體細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞problem with the PreCheck program定位到倒數(shù)第二段的第二句話 this price tag has been the PreCheck’s fatal flaw.本句中的代詞this代詞指代本段第一句話，說的是Passengers必須每五年pay 85美元來做background checks。正確答案D中的unreasonable price 是原文的85美元，enrollment就是原文的process background checks。干擾項A其規(guī)模的極具下滑未提及，選項C其錯誤的執(zhí)行屬于過度推理，選項C政府不愿意支持是對原文的曲解。

　　25. 答案【C】Getting Stuck in Security Lines

　　解析：本題目為全文主旨題。全文的中心主題出現(xiàn)在第一段和二段首句的范圍。第一段介紹事實背景，第二段首句提及了美國人對于安全檢查方面的狀況，并在下文提及了所出現(xiàn)的問題。正確答案C安檢流程線陷入困境是對原文的總結(jié)概括。干擾項A的Screening 是原文的具體細節(jié)，選項B和選項D的PreCheck是原文最后三段的內(nèi)容。

　　Text 2

　　“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.

　　At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.

　　Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.

　　Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands' inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.

　　Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.

　　The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.

　　26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates

　　[A] her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.

　　[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.

　　[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.

　　[D] her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time.

　　27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to

　　[A] its geographical features.

　　[B] its protective surroundings.

　　[C] its religious implications.

　　[D] its existing infrastructure.

　　28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because

　　[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.

　　[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.

　　[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.

　　[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.

　　29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy

　　[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.

　　[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.

　　[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.

　　[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.

　　30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of

　　[A] severe criticism.

　　[B] passive acceptance.

　　[C] slight hesitancy.

　　[D] full approval.

　　答案：26-30 BABCD

　　26. 答案【B】the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.

　　解析：本題目為具體細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Queen Liliuokalani的remark定位到第一段的第一句，所indicate的內(nèi)容是在第一段的第二句話，意思是觀星者是在Hawaiian社會中最受尊重的成員。正確選項B的the importance of astronomy是原文star watchers were among the most esteemed members的總結(jié)概括，in ancient Hawaiian society是原文的原詞出現(xiàn)。干擾項A的historical role屬于原文信息的曲解，選項C的regrettable decline未提及，過度推理，選項D不是in her time，是她評論ancient的觀星者。

　　27. 答案【A】its geographical features.

　　解析：本題目為具體細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的大寫字母Mauna Kea，以及關(guān)鍵詞ideal astronomical site定位到第二段But后面的內(nèi)容。But后面說Mauna Kea是世界上最有力量的望遠鏡home。本題目問的是原因，定位到本段最后一句，這里提到Mauna Kea的頂峰高于大部分的濃密大氣層。選項A中的geographical features就是地質(zhì)特色的意思，屬于同義替換。干擾項B的受保護的周邊環(huán)境未提及，是常識性干擾;選項C的宗教暗示根據(jù)本段首句worship進行干擾，不在定位句里;選項D現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施未提及。

　　28. 答案【B】it reminds them of a humiliating history.

　　解析：本題目屬于原因細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞the construction of the TMT以及opposed by some locals定位到第四段第二句，這里提到a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation，對曾經(jīng)主權(quán)國家遭占領(lǐng)的痛苦提醒。選項B中的remind 是原文的原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，a humiliating history(令人恥辱的歷史)是對the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation 的同義轉(zhuǎn)化及總結(jié)概括。

　　29. 答案【C】may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.

　　解析：本題目屬于細節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第5段，關(guān)鍵詞progress in today’s astronomy再第五段中沒有。此種情況下，考慮段落中心，即本段的段首，段尾及轉(zhuǎn)這句。先看首句無答案，看本段尾句提到，或許那就是我們探索星際空間的原因，好像會回答有關(guān)我們自己及我們真正祖先的最原始回答。選項C首先may是對原文as if的解讀，uncover 同義替換answer，the origin of Hawaiian culture是原文ourselves and our true ancestral homes的同義轉(zhuǎn)化。干擾項A的dreams本段中沒有，干擾項B的Hawaiian culture本段有提及，但未指出across the world，干擾項D的soften hostility屬于過度推斷。

　　30. 答案【D】full approval

　　解析：第一段第二句 Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.意思是，可悲的是，夏威夷現(xiàn)在的天文學不太妙。所以，對于現(xiàn)在夏威夷天文學不太妙的處境，作者用了一個sadly來形容，明明白白地表達了他的藍瘦香菇。而夏威夷現(xiàn)在不太妙的處境具體指什么?在下一句清楚地說明了Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos意思是我們要搞個巨牛的望遠鏡，你們居然不同意!所以兩句結(jié)合一塊，作者的態(tài)度就明白了，他是支持建望遠鏡的。在最后一段的最后一句里也有作者態(tài)度的線索 There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.意思是說有人跑到你們那兒去，接受你們的文化遺產(chǎn)，去看星星看月亮，你們?yōu)槊粴g迎?咳咳，正經(jīng)點兒說，就是用了no reason和cannot雙重否定既強調(diào)又強調(diào)，還帶點兒不可置信地趕腳說夏威夷人應(yīng)該歡迎每一個到他們那兒去研究天文，并且欣賞他們的文化遺產(chǎn)cultural heritage的每一個人everyone。具體到這篇文章，他們的文化遺產(chǎn)在第五段和第一段都有說，就是天文研究，而每一個人當然應(yīng)該包括這些想建天文望遠鏡的人。所以作者的態(tài)度旗幟鮮明，就是全力支持。所以正確答案是D。

　　Text 3

　　Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.

　　The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?

　　A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.

　　While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and environment.

　　This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.

　　So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes – all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.

　　The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.

　　31. Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he

　　[A]praised the UK for its GDP.

　　[B]identified GDP with happiness.

　　[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.

　　[D]had a low opinion of GDP.

　　32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that

　　[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.

　　[B]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.

　　[C]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.

　　[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.

　　33. Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?

　　[A]It excludes GDP as an indicator.

　　[B]It is sponsored by 163 countries.

　　[C]Its criteria are questionable.

　　[D]Its results are enlightening.

　　34. In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that

　　[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.

　　[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.

　　[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.

　　[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.

　　35. Which of the following is the best for the text?

　　[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK lesson

　　[B]GDP figures, a Window on Global Economic Health

　　[C] Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP

　　[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-being

　　答案：31-35 DCDCA

　　31. 答案【D】had a low opinion of GDP.

　　解析：題目問的是Robert被引用是因為什么。根據(jù)題目中的人名定位到第一段第一句話Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.”這句話是說這個人認為一個國家的GDP可以衡量所有東西，除了讓生活有意義的事。這個觀點擺明了Robert對GDP持不欣賞的態(tài)度。D選項 a low opinion不高的評價，顯然是對原文的概括性描述，因此選D。

　　32. 答案【C】GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.

　　解析：題目明確說了從第二段中找答案。A選項中的economic pattern在原文中沒有直接的表達，但在二段末句···people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?中，原文有提到人們投票脫歐，盡管有很多人警告他們這樣做可能會對國家經(jīng)濟前景有影響。這說明英國人不怕改變現(xiàn)有經(jīng)濟狀況，因此與A中的reluctant不情愿不相符。B選項中英國對世界經(jīng)濟的貢獻問題，在第二段中完全沒提，只有the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world英國GDP讓西方世界嫉妒的表述。C選項說GDP用來衡量幸福的作用以及被英國人普遍否定了。原文中第二段第二句說it is a flawed concept，認為GDP是有問題的，第三句緊接著說It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do表面GDP其實忽視了很多關(guān)鍵的東西，并不能衡量幸福。第四句、第五句拿UK來舉例，說英國GDP很好，但是人們卻要脫歐來改變現(xiàn)狀，暗示人們的生活并不好。整段說明了英國人并不認為他們的高GDP給她們帶來了好的生活，與C選項正好形成正話反說，為正確選項。D選項policymakers在第二段第一句出現(xiàn)，并不存在所謂英國的policymakers，更沒有談過其是否關(guān)注GDP。

　　33. 答案【D】Its results are enlightening.

　　解析：這題根據(jù)題干中的recent annual study定位到第三段第一句A recent annual study ...and ...sheds some light on that question。這句話中的shed light on 短語就是照亮，闡釋的意思，跟D選項中的enlighten啟發(fā)是同義轉(zhuǎn)換，因此為正確答案。

　　34.答案【C】it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.

　　解析 ：從題目可知答案來自于最后兩段。第六段第一句···, as a measure, it is no longer enough說明GDP不靠譜，第二句It does not include important factors···that contribute to a person's sense of well-being說明GDP沒有包含所有個人幸福的要素。最后一段最后一句But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.也明確說了制定政策的人要關(guān)注提高福利，而不是簡單關(guān)注GDP數(shù)字。這些句子都與C選項factors beyond GDP相符。

　　35. 答案【A】High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK lesson

　　解析：第一段第一句就引用名人名言，說GDP是不靠譜的，第二句就拿英國脫歐舉例，說it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to，表明英國脫歐證明他說得有道理，咱們要好好聽聽。第二段繼續(xù)說英國GDP高，但是人們要搞事——脫歐，說明人們?nèi)兆硬缓眠^。第三段，第四段開始分析為啥英國人不乖乖聽話過日子，原來是福利在后退but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline。第五段直接說富裕國家要引以為戒：This is a lesson that rich countries can learn。所以整篇文章的主題就是GDP不靠譜，福利不給力不行，英國脫歐是例證。A選項正好包括了這三個要素，High GDP, Inadequate Well-being和a UK lesson因此選A。

　　Text 4

　　In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.

　　The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his duties.

　　Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.

　　The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act.”

　　The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”

　　But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.

　　Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society – that all are equal in treatment by government- is undermined. Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.

　　The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

　　36. The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that the court

　　[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.

　　[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.

　　[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.

　　[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.

　　37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves

　　[A] concrete returns for gift-givers.

　　[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.

　　[C] leaking secrets intentionally.

　　[D] breaking contracts officially.

　　38. The court’s ruling is d on the assumption that public officials are

　　[A] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.

　　[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.

　　[C] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.

　　[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.

　　39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to

　　[A] awaken the conscience of officials.

　　[B] guarantee fair play in official access.

　　[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.

　　[D] inspire hopes in average people.

　　40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is

　　[A] sarcastic.

　　[B] tolerant.

　　[C] skeptical.

　　[D] supportive.

　　答案：36-40 CBABD

　　36. 答案【C】was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.

　　解析：根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞The underlined sentence (para. 1)，可以快速的回到原文精確定位到第一段的劃線句子，But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government. 聯(lián)系文章第一句話，雖然最高法院沒有判定Robert McDonnell受賄罪，但是 holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, 即，在道德上卻對他的行為嗤之以鼻。由此可以鎖定C選項中的 was contemptuous of 法院其實非常輕視Robert McDonnell的行為。文章的D選項中出現(xiàn) ethics，原文中相同的詞，可能會混淆考生的思維，但是，此句話說的是拒絕從道德的標準評論Robert McDonnell的行為。

　　37. 答案【B】sizable gains in the form of gifts.

　　解析：根據(jù)題干中給出的信息，可知這一題是對文章第四段理解，由第四段推理出正確答案。從第四段But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act.”可以知道，對腐敗的定義是，只有受賄者給予了行賄者實際的好處，例如 a contract or regulation, 如果提供的不是具體的好處，僅僅只是：arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event, 那么這種行為就不是受賄。由此可以得出答案為A.

　　38. 答案【A】allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.

　　解析：根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞The court’s ruling is don the assumption可以鎖定文章的第五段，“The basic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”可以知道，法院的裁定是建立聽取其選民的意見，按照他們的利益行事。所以原文中的constituents對應(yīng)A選項的 supporters，支持者。所以答案選擇A

　　39. 答案【B】guarantee fair play in official access.

　　解析：根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Well-enforced laws in government transparency可以鎖定文章的第六段This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.但是從這句話中找不到所需的信息，從this type of可以知道這句話與前面的句子聯(lián)系緊密，因而可以追溯到這一段的第一句話，But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. 執(zhí)法力度需要加強市民及其當選代表，而不是法院獲得接近政府的平等的機會。equality與B選項的fair play相對應(yīng)，因此選B.

　　40. 答案【D】supportive.

　　解析：本題考察的是態(tài)度題，從文中最后一句話: The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.可以看出作者認為法院的裁定是進步的： a step forward，，因此可以看出作者對此的態(tài)度是supportive. sarcastic: 尖酸的，挖苦的;tolerant：寬容的，容忍的;skeptical：懷疑的。