摘要:語法的重要性幫幫已經(jīng)說過很多次了,沒有語法基礎(chǔ)光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長難句,也無法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶,幫幫整
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摘要:語法的重要性幫幫已經(jīng)說過很多次了,沒有語法基礎(chǔ)光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長難句,也無法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶,幫幫整理了考研英語語法精煉,希望可以幫助大家更方便的學(xué)習(xí)英語~
一、作定語的形容詞
1. 絕大部分形容詞既可作定語又可作表語,但少數(shù)形容詞只能作定語,放在名詞前,常見的有: daily,weekly,monthly,former,latter,woolen,wooden;也有少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語,置于be后,這些表語形容詞一般以字母a開頭。
如:
afraid alive alone alike ashamed
awake aware asleep afire
例句: This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of 80 European television networks, no less than 50 took a loss in 1989. (2005年第48題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,含有多個從句,a fact underlined by statistics that后接一定語從句,show后又接一賓語從句,其中no less than可譯為“不少于,至少”;take a loss 譯為“虧本,賠本”。
譯文: 僅這一點(diǎn)就足以證明,要在電視行業(yè)里生存下來并非易事,統(tǒng)計數(shù)字尤其說明了這一事實(shí): 在歐洲國家的80個電視網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,多達(dá)一半的公司在1989年虧損。
2. 作定語的形容詞一般用作前置修飾語,但在下列情況中,形容詞作后置定語。
(1)名詞詞組的中心詞為some,any,no等構(gòu)成的合成詞。
例句: I'd say whenever you are going after something belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal. (1997年第21題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,從句who is depriving you of the right to have it作anyone的定語,whenever you are going after something belonging to you作say的賓語從句中的狀語。
譯文: 我想說無論什么時候當(dāng)你追求某種屬于你的東西時,任何想剝奪你擁有它的權(quán)利的人都是在犯罪。
(2)帶有不定式、介詞短語等的形容詞短語。
例句: Any student careful enough to take the exam is sure to succeed in the end.
分析: 該句是簡單句,careful enough to take the exam 作定語修飾student。
譯文: 參加考試的任何一位學(xué)生只要足夠細(xì)心最終就一定會取得成功。
(3)某些形容詞作后置定語。
present,available,involved,concerned,martial(軍事的),general,proper等作后置定語,如:
the member present (出席的成員)
court martial (軍事法庭)
Secretary General (秘書長)
例句: I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite arbitrary. (1998年第37題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 我沒有意識到問題的關(guān)鍵所在,因此我的抉擇十分武斷。
例句: There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a glimpse of him. (1998年第22題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 來的人很多,而他只到場一會兒,所以我只見了他一眼。
3. 表度量的形容詞。
例句: There is a heavily polluted river 100 meters long in front of our small playground.
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 我們小操場前有一條長100米被嚴(yán)重污染的河。
4. 形容詞并列用作定語時的位置。
限定詞→數(shù)量(序數(shù)前、基數(shù)后)→形狀→大小、長短、高低等度量→新舊→顏色→國籍→ 材料
例句: I have never seen these beautiful round multi colored Chinese cloisonne(景泰藍(lán)) vases in my first three years in China.
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 在中國的最初三年中,我從來沒有見過這些顏色各異的圓形中式景泰藍(lán)花瓶。
二、主客觀意義易混淆的形容詞
主觀意義,如:
contemptuous (表示輕蔑的)
desirous (渴望的)
envious (羨慕別人的)
expressive (表情豐富的)
forgetful (健忘的)
imaginative (富于想象的)
perceptive (感覺敏銳的)
persuasive (能說服的,有說服力的)
respectful (表示尊敬的)
tolerant (容忍的,容許的) 客觀意義,如:
contemptible (輕視的,卑劣的)
desirable (值得要的,想要的)
enviable (令人羨慕的)
expressible (可表達(dá)出來的)
forgettable (可忘記的)
imaginable (可想象出來的)
perceptible (可感覺的)
persuasible (可說服的,聽話的)
respectable (可敬的)
tolerable (可容忍的)
例句: The authors are witheringly contemptuous of the bogus equation of tidiness and morality, for example, in corporate “clean desk” policies.
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 作者毫不留情地批評了將整潔與道德相等同的做法,例如,公司內(nèi)“清潔辦公桌”的政策。
例句: We should be alert to the possibility that individuals, organizations or governments tend to pied a worthy goal in excuse of their contemptible means and selfish interests.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that individuals,organizations or governments tend to...作possibility的同位語。
譯文: 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)警惕這種可能性: 個人、組織或政府以高尚的目標(biāo)作為他們采取卑鄙手段 和獲取私利的借口。
三、the+形容詞(分詞形容詞)
the+形容詞(分詞形容詞)表示一類人或一類事物,后接謂語動詞復(fù)數(shù)。
如:
the poor (窮人)
the blind (盲人)
the deaf (聾子)
the few/the many (少數(shù)人/多數(shù)人)
the dying (奄奄一息的人)
the killed (死了的人)
the oppressed (被壓迫的人們)
the aged,the weak,the sick and the disabled (老弱病殘)
the living (活著的人)
例句: The old are cared well in a home for the poor and aged.
譯文: 老人在養(yǎng)老院里得到了很好的照料。
例句: The poor are very happy, but the rich are sad.
譯文: 窮人很快樂,富人卻不快樂。
少數(shù)詞接單數(shù)動詞,如: the departed/the deceased (死者), the beautiful (美好的事物), the unexpected (意外情況)。
例句: The deceased has been sent to the funeral parlor.
譯文: 死者已經(jīng)被送往殯儀館。
四、復(fù)合形容詞
有些形容詞由兩部分或更多部分組成,稱為復(fù)合形容詞,如:
three-year-old child (三歲的孩子)
six-storied building (六層的樓房)
one-eyed donkey (一只眼的驢)
其他如: prep. /adj. /n. /adv.+p.p.(分詞)
off-putting (令人討厭的)
nit-picking (找茬的,吹毛求疵的)
free-living (生活無拘束的)
hard-wearing (耐穿的)
star-crossed (命運(yùn)不佳的,倒霉的)
tender-hearted (心腸軟的,慈善的)
well-intentioned (善意的,好心的)
例句: People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in densely populated areas. (1999年第27題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中those living...相當(dāng)于those who live in...。
譯文: 住在小鎮(zhèn)上的人似乎往往比住在人口稠密地區(qū)的人更為友好。
例句: In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound-producing ability, organizing two sounds delivered at a high rate as one call. (1997年第16題)
分析: 該句是簡單句,organizing two sounds delivered...作伴隨狀語。
譯文: 通過這種方式這些昆蟲能展示它們高超的發(fā)音功能,在很高的頻率下發(fā)出兩種聲波作為一次鳴叫。
五、一些本身有比較意義的形容詞
英語中絕大多數(shù)形容詞都可以用來表示比較意義,但有一部分形容詞本身已經(jīng)帶有比較的含義, 因此這些詞沒有比較級和最高級形式,如:
only, mere, sole, extreme, supreme, perfect, single, real, utmost, eternal, principal, chief, main, empty, matchless, unique, wonderful, square等。
例句: My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I stumbled upon at a garage sale. (2001年第22題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc與I stumbled upon at a garage sale是兩個定語從句,分別修飾the one和Edison disc。
譯文: 在一次現(xiàn)場舊貨出售中我偶然碰到一張1923年的愛迪生唱片,從那張唱片上我第一次聽到了我最喜歡的廣播歌曲。
六、比較結(jié)構(gòu)
(一)同級比較
形式為:...as+(形容詞或副詞)原級+(名詞)+as...
例句: Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. (選自2009年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that commercial genetic testing...作argue的賓語,to which a sample is compared是一個修飾the reference collections的定語從句。
譯文: 批評家們還指出,商業(yè)基因檢測的好壞取決于用于樣本對比的參考樣本的好壞。
例句: Scientists generally agree that the Earth's climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years as much as it has warmed in the 2,000 years since the Ice Age.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the Earth's...Ice Age 作agree的賓語從句。
譯文: 科學(xué)家們普遍認(rèn)為,地球氣候未來50年到100年的時間里會變暖,變暖的程度與自冰河世紀(jì)以來的2 000年的時間里變暖的程度一樣。
(二)優(yōu)劣比較
1.優(yōu)等比較。
形式為:...比較級+than...
例句: It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air. (選自2006年Text 4)
分析: 該句是簡單句,even more bitter than...修飾a message。
譯文: 讀這一消息的滋味甚至比抽丁香煙還要苦,但卻不知怎么地帶來了一股清新的氣息。
例句: These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today's live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener's choosing. (選自2011年Text 1)
分析:該句是由分號連接的并列句。前一個分句中含有形容詞的比較級;后一個分句中副詞moreover表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。
譯文:這些錄制音樂價格低廉,到處可以買到,而且其藝術(shù)品質(zhì)往往比當(dāng)今的現(xiàn)場演奏要高出許多。它們可以在聽眾所選擇的任何時間和地點(diǎn)被“享用”。
2.劣等比較。
形式為:...not so (as)+原級+as...=less+原級+ than
例句: According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析: 該句是簡單句,其中,分詞短語concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples作后置定語,修飾studies,從句that parents are less happy than childless couples又充當(dāng)concluding的賓語。
譯文: 結(jié)論為 “為人父母者不如無子女者幸福”的多項研究表明,單親父母最不幸福。
例句: Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.
分析: 該句是簡單句,其中those代表lives。
譯文: 他們的生活同其下屬一樣空虛。
(三)最高級表示
1. 優(yōu)等比較。
形式為: the+最高級+單數(shù)名詞或one +of (in短語)/that從句(僅限于形容詞)。
例句: It soon becomes clear that the interior designer's most important basic concern is the function of the particular space.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語為that the interior designer's most important...。
譯文: 室內(nèi)設(shè)計者最基本的關(guān)注點(diǎn)就是某一特定空間的功能,這一點(diǎn)很快就清楚了。
例句: I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. (選自2001年Text 4)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為I believe that..., that require enlarged...demands是修飾falling transportation...and enlarged markets的定語從句,形容詞短語capable of meeting customers' demands修飾operations,其中be the same that...意為“……與……是相同的”。
譯文: 我認(rèn)為引起這場大規(guī)模合并浪潮的最重要的力量與導(dǎo)致全球化的力量是相同的: 運(yùn)輸與通信費(fèi)用下降,貿(mào)易與投資障礙減少,市場擴(kuò)大。這一切都需要擴(kuò)大業(yè)務(wù)往來以滿足消費(fèi)者的需求。
2. 劣等比較。
形式為: the+least+原級+(單數(shù)名詞或one)+of(in短語)/that從句(僅限于形容詞)。
例句: In class, she is the least talented girl in mastering foreign language that I have ever taught.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that I have ever taught是修飾girl的定語從句。
譯文: 她是我在班里教過的在外語學(xué)習(xí)方面最缺乏天分的女孩。
3. 比較級表示最高級含義。
形式為: 比較級+ than any other+單數(shù)名詞。
例句: The campus of this university is much more beautiful than any other campus.
譯文: 這所大學(xué)的校園是最漂亮的。
4. 最高級形容詞前加定冠詞the,但作表語不和他人或物作比較時,可省去the。
例句: I have been busiest these days for writing papers.
譯文: 寫論文的這些天是我最忙的時間。
(四)同類比較
同類事物才能放在一起作比較,不同類的不能放在一起進(jìn)行比較,例如:
Are your jobs more important than Jack?
(說法錯誤。你的工作不能和Jack比較;應(yīng)該是和Jack的工作相比較,因此該句正確的說法為: Are your jobs more important than Jack's?)
The climate of Shanxi Province is much better than Henan Province.
(說法錯誤。山西的氣候不能和河南省比較;應(yīng)該是和河南省的氣候相比較,因此該句正確的說法為: The climate of Shanxi Province is much better than that of Henan Province. )
例句: Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. (選自2009年Text 4)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干是many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane's。 Dane's 后省略了religious commitment,as one clergyman learned...是一個方式狀語從句, who mocked...是一個修飾folk的定語從句,they had not come to the New World for religion是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,作mock的賓語。
譯文: 同時,許多移居者對宗教的虔誠不如丹的表現(xiàn),正如一位神職人員從在海邊遇到的一些人那里聽到的一樣,那些人嘲弄地說道他們來新大陸并不是為了宗教。
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