都工作日了你還在度假？起來(lái)看長(zhǎng)難句！

　　摘要：一晃眼，春節(jié)就已經(jīng)要結(jié)束了。這兩天全國(guó)各地的人們已經(jīng)陸陸續(xù)續(xù)進(jìn)入工作狀態(tài)。工作的小伙伴們要繼續(xù)搬磚，雖說(shuō)學(xué)校都還沒(méi)開(kāi)學(xué)，但是考研的同學(xué)們，年假已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，該收收心啦！調(diào)整狀態(tài)的第一天就從英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句開(kāi)始吧！

　　1. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates， Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. (1996.閱讀.Text A)

　　【譯文】經(jīng)過(guò)六個(gè)月的爭(zhēng)論和議會(huì)最后十六小時(shí)激烈的辯論，澳大利亞北部行政區(qū)成為全球第一個(gè)允許醫(yī)生為尋求解脫的絕癥患者實(shí)行安樂(lè)死的法定權(quán)威。

　　【析句】這是一個(gè)比較簡(jiǎn)單的復(fù)合長(zhǎng)句，句子的主干是Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority。句中，after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表明發(fā)生的時(shí)間；who wish to die 是patients的定語(yǔ)從句，將patients的范圍限定在尋求解脫的患者中；兩個(gè)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to allow和to take分別是the first/序數(shù)詞+to do sth和allow sb to do sth兩個(gè)固定搭配的應(yīng)用。

　　2. The full import may take a while to sink in... (1996.閱讀.Text A)

　　【譯文】這份法案的深刻意義或許需要一段時(shí)間才能被充分理解。

　　【析句】句子很簡(jiǎn)單，但不容易理解，有兩個(gè)難點(diǎn)：(1)import"進(jìn)口"的基本含義更為考生熟知，但在此句中語(yǔ)義不通。這里考察import作為名詞的另一個(gè)意思：含義、意義，full import則是"深刻含義"。(2)短語(yǔ)sink in 此處意為"被充分理解"，注意與"sink into"意為"沉入到......中去"區(qū)分。

　　3. Some have breathed sighs of relief， others， including churches， right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association， bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage... (1996.閱讀.Text A)

　　【譯文】有些人松了一口氣，而另一些如教會(huì)、生命權(quán)利組織和澳大利亞醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)都對(duì)法案以及法案?jìng)}促的通過(guò)進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)烈的抨擊。

　　【析句】句子主干是some......，others......結(jié)構(gòu)，表明對(duì)安樂(lè)死法案兩種不同的態(tài)度。including這里是介詞，意為"包含、包括"，e.g.There were five females among the passengers，including the stewardess.

　　4. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country， a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence.（1996. 閱讀 Text B）

　　【譯文】長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)，在美國(guó)很多地區(qū)，旅行者打破了往常生活的枯燥而受到人們歡迎。

　　【析句】這句話有兩個(gè)抽象名詞break和existence，若按字面意思直譯，則很難理解。在分析此類句子時(shí)，要注意把握詞句的內(nèi)在含義。break作動(dòng)詞時(shí)意為"打碎，折斷"，作名詞時(shí)含義相近，意為"裂口，裂縫；破裂"，還有"中斷，休息"之意。例如Life at sea is a welcome break for my job as a schoolteacher. I love traveling to exotic places and I love the hard work. 而existence意 為"存在，生存"，一般情況下可看做life的同義詞。因此，整句話的意思是，旅行者的到來(lái)打破了平靜枯燥的生活，給當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駧?lái)些許新鮮感，這或許是北美人民大多熱情好客的原因之一。

　　5. As is true of any developed society， in America a complex set of cultural signals， assumptions， and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.（1996. 閱讀 Text B）

　　【譯文】同任何發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家一樣，一系列復(fù)雜的文化特征，信念和習(xí)俗構(gòu)成了美國(guó)所有社會(huì)交往的基礎(chǔ)。

　　【析句】本句的主干是a complex of ... underlies  social interrelations。as is true of ...是由as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾America，而不是a complex set ...。其中，underlie意為"是......的基礎(chǔ)；優(yōu)先于"。

　　6. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial， but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.（1996. 閱讀 Text B）

　　【譯文】許多美國(guó)人的這種隨意的友好態(tài)度不應(yīng)該被看成是膚淺的或虛假的，而應(yīng)解釋成一種由來(lái)已久的歷史文化傳統(tǒng)。

　　【析句】這句話比較長(zhǎng)，但結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜。主要有兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)組成，be interpreted as和 neither ...nor...but...。注意第三個(gè)as引導(dǎo)的成分與前兩個(gè)as引導(dǎo)的成分是并列的，都是與interpret的固定搭配。

　　7. Such large， impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class， an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners； and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. (1996. 閱讀. Text C)

　　【譯文】對(duì)資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的數(shù)量和重要性。這個(gè)階層作為國(guó)計(jì)民生的一部分，代表了非個(gè)人責(zé)任的財(cái)富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離，而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。

　　【析句】這種長(zhǎng)句句式復(fù)雜，內(nèi)容抽象，讓考生一頭霧水，不知所云。面對(duì)這一攔路虎，首先要抓住句子的主干，...manipulation increased numbers and importance...，(which is)an element...。主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)都有較長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定。而非限制性定語(yǔ)an element ...landowners中又帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，一個(gè)是(which was)representing，另一個(gè)是(which was)detached。將定語(yǔ)從句中省略的"引導(dǎo)詞+be "結(jié)構(gòu)補(bǔ)充完整，則不易與分詞結(jié)構(gòu)混淆。

　　8. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes， and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. (1996. 閱讀. Text C)

　　【譯文】像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給大批"舒適"階層提供休憩之所。這些人依賴豐厚的收入生活，除了參加分紅和偶爾參加股東大會(huì)向管理層下達(dá)命令之外，與社會(huì)的其他階層毫無(wú)瓜葛。

　　【析句】這一長(zhǎng)句的難點(diǎn)在于賓語(yǔ)comfortable classes有兩個(gè)由定語(yǔ)從句who has retired...， who had no relation...并由and連接，而第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中存在較長(zhǎng)的介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，except是介詞，that指代relation，drawing 和attending是并列關(guān)系，作of的賓語(yǔ)，to dictate their orders..是目的狀語(yǔ)。

　　9. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands， but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.  (1996. 閱讀. Text C)

　　【譯文】帶薪管理公司的職業(yè)經(jīng)理人與工人以及他們需要的關(guān)系更加直接，但是就連他也不熟悉工人的個(gè)人狀況，而這種個(gè)人了解卻常常存在于現(xiàn)在不斷消失的古老家族公司的那種家長(zhǎng)制制度下。

　　【析句】整個(gè)句子由but引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的句子，第一個(gè)句子的主干是the paid manager...was in more direct with...their demands， acting for...是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，修飾manager；第二個(gè)句子主干是even he had...personal knowledge of the workmen...， which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾familiar personal knowledge，passing aways是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾前面的old family business.將各種修飾成分與它們所修飾的內(nèi)容之間的關(guān)系搞清楚，那么整句話就更容易理解了。

　　10. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

　　【譯文】美國(guó)人成群結(jié)隊(duì)地涌向這些展覽會(huì)是為了欣賞新的機(jī)器，從而繼續(xù)對(duì)技術(shù)進(jìn)步所帶來(lái)的便捷保持信心。

　　【析句】句子不難，有兩個(gè)to引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句。有三個(gè)單詞值得注意：第一個(gè)是flock，動(dòng)詞作"聚集；成群而行"講；第二個(gè)是admire，有"欽佩，欣賞"之義；第三個(gè)單詞renew基本意思是指將陳舊的或年久失修的東西徹底地翻新或使年老的人再次恢復(fù)青春活力，即"復(fù)原，更新"；也可指一件事情從頭再來(lái)或完成其未完成的東西，即"重新開(kāi)始""繼續(xù)"。引申還可指"補(bǔ)充""延長(zhǎng)…的期限"等。

　　11. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation， the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology.

　　【譯文】由于這種鼓勵(lì)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的積極方法，美國(guó)工人很容易就掌握了機(jī)械技術(shù)中要求的那種獨(dú)特的非語(yǔ)言思維方式。

　　【析句】given是介詞，意為"考慮到，如果"，e.g. Given their inexperience， they've done their best. 考慮到他們?nèi)狈?jīng)驗(yàn)，他們已經(jīng)盡力了。take與介詞百搭，這里的take to意為"開(kāi)始； 從事； 喜歡； 形成 ... 的習(xí)慣； 容易學(xué)會(huì)"。像take、make這種看起來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)際上復(fù)雜的單詞的搭配及用法需要考生多總結(jié)、多運(yùn)用。

　　12. The mechanic should sit down among levers， screws， wedges， wheels， etc.， like a poet among the letters of the alphabet， considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts， in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.

　　【譯文】技工應(yīng)該坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔子、輪子等工具周圍，就像詩(shī)人被字母圍繞，把它們當(dāng)做思路的展示，每一個(gè)新組合都傳達(dá)一個(gè)新想法。

　　【析句】句子的主干是The mechanic should sit down…， like a …， considering them as…， in which a...。有些考生可能會(huì)困惑，considering現(xiàn)在分詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句修飾的是the mechanic，還是a poet。狀語(yǔ)從句可以放在句首，也可放在句尾。如果從句提前，那么很明顯，修飾的是the mechanic。也可以通過(guò)分析句子主干判斷。

　　13. The Aswan Dam， for example， stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

　　【譯文】例如，阿斯旺大壩阻擋了尼羅河的洪水，但埃及也失去了洪水退去后留下的肥沃淤泥--這一切換來(lái)得是一個(gè)使人們疾病叢生的巨大水庫(kù)。如今水庫(kù)里積滿了淤泥，基本上無(wú)法發(fā)電。

　　【析句】句子的主干是the Aswan Dam stopped...but deprived ...。stopped和deprived是有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列成分。that floods left作fertile silt的定語(yǔ)從句。破折號(hào)后all in return ...是省略了"引導(dǎo)詞+be"的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句即(which was)all in return for...。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中又有which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，which is now ...silt修飾a giant reservoir.后面的that構(gòu)成so...that...的固定搭配。

　　14. This week， in the heart of civilized Europe， Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.

　　【譯文】本周在文明的歐洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人為了多瑙河上的一處水壩所引起的爭(zhēng)端，差一點(diǎn)就派出了部隊(duì)。

　　【析句】stop short of 意為"突然停止；未到達(dá)"，引申義相當(dāng)于be close to.英語(yǔ)中名詞結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用十分廣泛，可與所對(duì)應(yīng)的的名詞互換，使行文簡(jiǎn)潔生動(dòng)。如本句中的in their contention over...就等于contend over(for)"爭(zhēng)奪，斗爭(zhēng)"。

　　15. Meanwhile， in India， the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam.

　　【譯文】同時(shí)，世界銀行已經(jīng)貸款給印度建造納爾達(dá)瑪大壩，簡(jiǎn)直是錯(cuò)上加錯(cuò)。

　　【析句】這句話中兩個(gè)單詞用的很好，一個(gè)是go-ahead。give go-ahead to do sth意為"允許、批準(zhǔn)做某事"，比起allow sb to do sth更加形象生動(dòng)。另一個(gè)是wrong-headed，意為"固執(zhí)己見(jiàn)的，堅(jiān)持錯(cuò)誤的"，與go-ahead形似，前后呼應(yīng)。

　　16. Think of Gallileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.  (1998.閱讀.Text.A)

　　【譯文】想想十七世紀(jì)，伽利略由于叛逆性的信仰受到天主教會(huì)的審判，或是詩(shī)人威廉姆布萊克對(duì)艾薩克牛頓的機(jī)械的世界觀所提出的尖銳批評(píng)。

　　【析句】句子的主干是一個(gè)祈使句，Think of...Gallileo's trial... or William Blake's harsh remarks...，of后有兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)后分別跟介詞短語(yǔ)for his rebelling...和against the mechanistic worldview...。注意多在作文中靈活運(yùn)用介詞替代重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞會(huì)有很不錯(cuò)的效果哦！

　　17. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well， from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.(1998.閱讀.Text.A)

　　【譯文】一項(xiàng)關(guān)于1996年的新聞故事的調(diào)查顯示，很多其他組織也被貼上了反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽，比如提倡消滅最后一批儲(chǔ)存的天花病毒的機(jī)構(gòu)和某些提議削減基礎(chǔ)研究資金的共和黨人。

　　【析句】句子的主干是A survey of ... reveals that...，賓語(yǔ)從句的主干是the anti-science tag has been attached to...groups。from...to...此處相當(dāng)于such as...，每個(gè)例子分別含有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句who advocated...和who advocated，由and連接表示并列關(guān)系。

　　18. They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.(1998.閱讀.Text.A)

　　【譯文】他們只有一點(diǎn)是相同的，就是想惹怒或恐嚇那些自認(rèn)為更文明的人。

　　【析句】句子很短，但包含兩個(gè)從句，that they tend to...作the only one thing的同位語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句里又包含一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句who regard themselves...

　　19. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions， for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations， it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. (1998.閱讀.Text A)

　　【譯文】警告往往是恰當(dāng)且必要的，比如提醒藥物反應(yīng)帶來(lái)的危險(xiǎn)，有些警告也是州法或聯(lián)邦法律所要求的。但事實(shí)上，若使用者受傷，法律條款并沒(méi)有明確地保護(hù)生產(chǎn)商或銷售者使其不必承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

　　【析句】整句話的主干是主句+時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句中，it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是they actually protect...from liability，主句里又包括一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句；while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，有兩個(gè)并列的分句warnings are...and many are...。破折號(hào)中間的內(nèi)容屬于插入語(yǔ)，抓主干時(shí)可暫時(shí)省略。

　　20. As personal injury claims continue as before， some courts are beginning to side with defendants， especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. (1998.閱讀.Text A)

　　【譯文】隨著人身傷害起訴案件一如既往地不斷增加，一些法庭的判決開(kāi)始偏向被告，尤其是在商品警告標(biāo)簽可能起不了多大作用的情況下。

　　【析句】整句話由主句some courts are beginning...+時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句as personal injury claims...as before構(gòu)成。其中，主句更為復(fù)雜，又包括一個(gè)where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，時(shí)態(tài)虛擬為語(yǔ)氣wouldn't have changed...。

　　21. At the same time， the American Law Institute -- a group of judges， lawyers， and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.(1999.閱讀.Text A)

　　【譯文】與此同時(shí)，美國(guó)法律研究所--由一群法官、律師和理論專家組成，他們的建議分量極重--發(fā)布了新的民事傷害法令指導(dǎo)方針，宣稱公司不必提醒顧客注意顯而易見(jiàn)的危險(xiǎn)，也不必連篇累牘地一再提請(qǐng)他們注意一些可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的危險(xiǎn)。

　　【析句】首先把破折號(hào)中間的插入語(yǔ)省略不看，句子的主干是the American Law Institute issued new guildelines for tort law，stating that ...是動(dòng)名詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，可以另寫為which stated...。再看插入語(yǔ)中，包含一個(gè)whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。正是各種從句的存在使得整句話顯得復(fù)雜難解，也是考生在作文中應(yīng)該借鑒之處。

　　22. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate， then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. (1999. 閱讀. Text 5)

　　【譯文】如果實(shí)驗(yàn)是像科學(xué)雜志上的報(bào)告所示的那樣如實(shí)地根據(jù)計(jì)劃規(guī)劃和實(shí)施的話，那么對(duì)管理層來(lái)說(shuō)，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。

　　【析句】首先抓主干，主干是一個(gè)帶有條件狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句If experiments are planned and carried...， then it is perfetly logical...。if條件狀語(yǔ)從句中有一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)as faithfully as the reports...indicate，相比較的成分是experiments are planned and carried out 和the reports...indicate，因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞不同，所以后面不能用do代替，例如He runs faster than I do。主句中出現(xiàn)了it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的動(dòng)詞不定式to expect research to...。

　　23. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. (1999. 閱讀. Text 5)

　　【譯文】審計(jì)人員也完全有理由相信，確切知道自己的目標(biāo)并知道如何實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的科學(xué)家們根本沒(méi)必要在一只眼盯著顯微鏡時(shí)，還要分心用另一只眼睛盯著現(xiàn)金計(jì)數(shù)器。

　　【析句】因?yàn)閕t此處作形式主語(yǔ)替代不定式引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，所以真正的句子主干應(yīng)該是to believe that... is entirely reasonable.主語(yǔ)從句中的主干是scientists should not be distracted by the necessity...register，后面有while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)從句里又包含多個(gè)從句：who know ...引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾scientists；where...goingand how...there是know的賓語(yǔ)從句。長(zhǎng)句里包含從句，從句中又包含從句，是英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句難以理解的主要原因。

　　24. Nor， if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect， is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team." (1999. 閱讀. Text 5)

　　【譯文】如果科學(xué)家們做試驗(yàn)和寫論文一樣步驟規(guī)范、遵守要求，那么管理層就不該因歧視研究者中"思維與眾不同的人"、喜歡其中思想較為傳統(tǒng)的"善于團(tuán)隊(duì)合作"的人而受到指責(zé)了。

　　【析句】英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句中，從句的位置比較靈活，可根據(jù)需要放在句前、句中、句后。這里就是從句放在句子的例子，割裂了主句，增加了閱讀的困難程度。本句是由一個(gè)完全否定的主句nor is management to be blamed for...和一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句組成的if regularity and conformity are...as...as...(比較結(jié)構(gòu))構(gòu)成。主語(yǔ)從句中連續(xù)用了三個(gè)介詞，for表原因，aganist表反對(duì)，in favor of表支持，要注意英語(yǔ)中介詞的應(yīng)用；thinkers后是who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。

　　25. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War， it had a market eight times larger than any competitor， giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. (2000. 閱讀. Text A)

　　【譯文】二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，美國(guó)恰好進(jìn)入了這樣一個(gè)繁榮時(shí)期，它當(dāng)時(shí)的市場(chǎng)是任何競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的八倍大，這使得其工業(yè)具有前所未有的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。

　　【析句】本句是復(fù)合句，主干是it had a market ....competitor when the United States entered...。主句里，it指代美國(guó)；此處有一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)：倍數(shù)+形容詞比較級(jí)+than+比較的對(duì)象；逗號(hào)后，動(dòng)名詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于which gived its...。