2016考研英語(yǔ)：閱讀理解解題技巧之推理題

　　【摘要】推理引申題主要測(cè)試考生理清上下文邏輯關(guān)系的能力，要求大家領(lǐng)悟所讀材料中句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，并且根據(jù)材料提供的已知信息進(jìn)行分析、歸納和推理。判斷推理能力對(duì)深刻理解一篇文章十分重要，特別是理解作者字里行間的言外之意、作者的觀點(diǎn)、寫作意圖和態(tài)度。

　　命題專家在命制此類試題時(shí)通常要求大家對(duì)文章或段落進(jìn)行深層推理和理解，不可能把試題的答案非常直接地暴露于選項(xiàng)中。因此大家應(yīng)該注意把它與事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題區(qū)別開來(lái)，推理引申題必須以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，但是得出的結(jié)果又絕對(duì)不是事實(shí)本身，即不能“就事論事”。

　　推理引申題對(duì)一些基礎(chǔ)比較薄弱的同學(xué)而言是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，大家似乎對(duì)文章讀懂了（可稱之為“自我感覺(jué)良好”），然而在解題時(shí)卻始終不知如何下手，試題也做得不好。這是因?yàn)闆](méi)有領(lǐng)會(huì)命題專家設(shè)置推理引申試題的用意的緣故。事實(shí)上推理引申題考查的不僅是考生對(duì)字面意義的理解，更要求大家透過(guò)文章的字里行間去推測(cè)作者未明說(shuō)而又意欲表達(dá)的含義。解此類題，大家應(yīng)該根據(jù)文中的材料進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申。接下來(lái)就為大家詳細(xì)講解推理題的解題技巧。

　　廣義的推理引申題涵蓋的范圍極其廣泛。它既可以就總體信息也可以就具體或特定信息提問(wèn)。總體提問(wèn)通常包括文章主旨題、作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題，局部提問(wèn)通常指段落主旨題、猜測(cè)詞義/句意題。但是為了突出這四種出現(xiàn)頻率很高且?guī)в械湫托缘念}型，我們下面談到的推理引申題是排除以上情況的狹義概念。

　　1、命題模式
　　狹義的推理引申題題干中常有infer，imply，suggest，deduce，conclude等詞出現(xiàn)，常見的命題模式有：
　?。?）It can be inferred from the text/the last paragraph/the first sentence that...
　?。?）We can infer (assume, deduce) that .
　　（3）Which of the following can (not) be inferred from the passage?　　
　?。?）It is implied (indicated, suggested) in the passage/the first paragraph/the second sentence/the example that .
　?。?）By... the author implies (suggests, indicates )that .

　?。?）The passage implies in the passage that .
　?。?）The author suggests(indicates)in the passage that .
　　（8）It can be concluded from the passage that .
　?。?）From the passage /the third paragraph/the last sentence/the example that... we can draw the conclusion that .
　?。?0）What conclusion can be drawn from the passage (the first paragraph, the last paragraph)?

　　引申推理題按照解題思路主要可以分為暗指題、推理題和結(jié)論題。
　　暗指題的特點(diǎn)是要求讀者體味“言外之意”，信息只能從字里行間獲得。對(duì)于這類試題，考生首先要分清是明述還是暗指，即言內(nèi)還是言外;其次，要盡最大可能與命題者達(dá)成“共識(shí)”，因?yàn)槊}人事先確定的答案不允許考生的認(rèn)識(shí)有任何偏差;最后，要對(duì)文章中的有關(guān)事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析和研究，按照事實(shí)發(fā)展的邏輯次序，總結(jié)出合情合理的結(jié)論。

　　Example 1
　　If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. (1999年 Passage 5)
　　The author implies that the results of scientific research .
　　[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected
　　[B] can be measured in dollars and cents
　　[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern
　　[D] are mostly underestimated by management

　　原句是個(gè)假設(shè)條件句，指出“假如科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)像科學(xué)雜志登載的科學(xué)報(bào)告顯示的那樣完全按事先的計(jì)劃去規(guī)劃和實(shí)施，那么，對(duì)管理層來(lái)說(shuō)，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的”。此處正話反說(shuō)，作者的言外之意是，科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)總有不可預(yù)測(cè)的現(xiàn)象，產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果也難以預(yù)測(cè)，因此不能肯定有效益。[A]選項(xiàng)“可能不像預(yù)料的那樣有利可圖”才是作者真正想要表達(dá)的含義。

　　Example 2
　　Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
　　Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”(1996年 Passage 4 )
　　It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics .

　　[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
　　[B] shed light on disciplined school management
　　[C] was brought about by privileged home training
　　[D] owed a lot to the technological development

　　這里第二段的首句指出：敏銳的外國(guó)觀察家將美國(guó)人的適應(yīng)能力和創(chuàng)新能力與這個(gè)教育優(yōu)勢(shì)聯(lián)系在一起。this往回復(fù)指前述的最后內(nèi)容，也就是前一段末句談到的“技工們有文化并且熟知算術(shù)、幾何學(xué)、三角學(xué)”，從而可知這種教育優(yōu)勢(shì)就是熟練掌握數(shù)學(xué)。因而作者暗指的意思是[A]選項(xiàng)“它們很大程度上得益于數(shù)學(xué)”。

　　推理題與暗指題雖然有許多相似之處，但是其思路與方法更側(cè)重于推理，主要測(cè)試考生的思維判斷能力，即由已知的事實(shí)為依據(jù)去獲得未知的信息?？忌忸}時(shí)首先要把握推理范圍——大至段落或全文，小至詞語(yǔ)或句；其次要嚴(yán)格遵循邏輯規(guī)律，保持正確的思維過(guò)程和嚴(yán)密的邏輯；再次可以利用相關(guān)部分提供的事實(shí)、背景知識(shí)和常識(shí)去推理。

　　干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：根據(jù)文章中某些事實(shí)亦可以推導(dǎo)，然而又答非所問(wèn)。
　　（1）推斷文章內(nèi)容的含義和引申意思
　　Example
　　Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.(2001年 Passage 4)

　　From Paragraph 4 we can infer that .
　　[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
　　[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
　　[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous
　　[D] the Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition

　　命題者設(shè)置的難點(diǎn)是第二句中定語(yǔ)從句的理解。原文談到“目前難以預(yù)料，數(shù)家石油公司的合并是否會(huì)再次對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)造成威脅。100年前美國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司（Standard Oil Trust）被解散，就是因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)人們擔(dān)心它會(huì)對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)構(gòu)成威脅”，由此引申推理可知[D]項(xiàng)“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司可能曾對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形成過(guò)威脅”。此外，考生還需要注意，might have threatened是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)。

　　（2）運(yùn)用數(shù)字進(jìn)行推理
　　Example
　　Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

　　This development—and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead—has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.

　　Altogether, the Us population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people—numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.

　　Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails. (1998年 Passage 4)
　　Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s .

　　[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history
　　[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population
　　[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth
　　[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ

　　這是一道涉及數(shù)字的題目，從標(biāo)志詞1970s可以定位為文章第三段，本段指出：“20世紀(jì)70年代，美國(guó)人口總共增長(zhǎng)了2 320萬(wàn)——從數(shù)字上看，這是有紀(jì)錄以來(lái)10年期人口增長(zhǎng)的第三高峰。即使如此，人口總數(shù)也只增加了11.4%，除了大蕭條時(shí)期，這是美國(guó)年度記錄最低的增長(zhǎng)率。”因此，[A]選項(xiàng)和[C]選項(xiàng)與文意不符。接著文章第四段談到人口普查顯示出“第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來(lái)，美國(guó)人不斷移居西部和南部，現(xiàn)在這種趨勢(shì)依然存在”。因此可以得出[B]選項(xiàng)是正確答案，而[D]選項(xiàng)與該段內(nèi)容正好相反。

　　（3）用類比的例子，要求考生進(jìn)行推理演繹
　　Example1
　　There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

　　By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. (1995年 Passage 2)

　　A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when .
　　[A] he has given up his smoking habit
　　[B] he has made great efforts in his work
　　[C] he is keen on learning anything new
　　[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey

　　本文指出看待人的成長(zhǎng)有兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：一是視為結(jié)果，一是視為過(guò)程。第一段具體講到第一種觀點(diǎn)的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容。它是大部分人都持有的觀點(diǎn)，看重外在結(jié)果因?yàn)槠淇梢粤炕梢酝ㄟ^(guò)具體事例反映出來(lái)，如：工人得到升遷、學(xué)生成績(jī)提高和外國(guó)人學(xué)會(huì)了一門新的語(yǔ)言。第二段講第二種觀點(diǎn)的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容：成長(zhǎng)是人在遇到新的經(jīng)歷和意外險(xiǎn)阻時(shí)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的態(tài)度和情感，而不是實(shí)在的結(jié)果。問(wèn)的是根據(jù)第一種觀點(diǎn)，以下哪一種是成長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)。通過(guò)文中類比的例子可知只有[A]選項(xiàng)是實(shí)在的結(jié)果。

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